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Warren Gamaliel Harding (2 Nov. 1865-2 Aug. 1923), twenty-ninth president of the United States, was born near Blooming Grove, Ohio, the son of George Tyron Harding, a farmer and later a physician, and Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson. Harding attended Ohio Central College, a high school level institution in Iberia, for three years (1879-1882) and following graduation moved with his parents to Marion. After brief stints as a teacher, insurance canvasser, journalist, and printer's helper, he became in 1884 the owner-editor of the Marion Star, purchasing the struggling enterprise for $300. In 1891 he married Florence Kling DeWolfe... But with Foraker's support he was elected to the state senate in 1899, served two terms there (1900-1904), and during the second term acted as floor leader for the Foraker group... In 1903 Harding informally announced his candidacy for governor but finally agreed to accept a nomination for lieutenant-governor on a ticket headed by Myron T. Herrick. Subsequently elected, he served one term (1904-1906), during which he used his talents to preach and promote party harmony... In 1914, the first year in which U.S. senators were directly elected, Harding became a candidate for the seat vacated by Senator Theodore Burton, won the Republican nomination in a primary contest against his former sponsor, Joseph B. Foraker, and went on to defeat his Democratic opponent, Timothy Hogan... In 1916 he served as temporary chairman of the Republican convention and delivered its keynote address... In the campaign of 1920, conducted mostly from his "front porch" in Marion, Harding called for a return to "normalcy" and equivocated on the League of Nations issue, urging an "association of nations" but not Wilson's League. In addition, he called for a federal budget system, a protective tariff policy, a ship subsidy, stricter immigration standards, and lower tax burdens. The result was a sweeping victory for the Republicans... Leaving Washington on 20 June [1923] with a party of sixty-five in tow, he spent most of July on his Alaskan tour and then returned to Seattle where he nearly collapsed while delivering a speech concerning Alaska's promise and needs... on his arrival in San Francisco, Harding went to bed with what was now diagnosed as a coronary attack followed by bronchial pneumonia. And there he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died. "Warren Gamaliel Harding." American National Biography Online. http://www.anb.org/articles (Retrieved April 3, 2009)
Herbert Clark Hoover, (10 Aug. 1874-20 Oct. 1964), engineer, philanthropist, and thirty-first president of the United States, was born in West Branch, Iowa, the son of Jesse Clark Hoover and Hulda[h] Minthorn, farmers. Orphaned at the age of nine, he lived with a variety of relatives in Iowa and finally spent his teenage years in Newberg and Salem, Oregon... Hoover had phenomenal success as a mining engineer, becoming a millionaire between 1895 and the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, when he was forty... Serving as head of the Commission for the Relief in Belgium, as President Woodrow Wilson's U.S. Food Administrator (1917-1919) in charge of voluntary rationing, and director general of the American Relief Administration in Europe (1919-1920) made him such a popular figure that both parties courted him as a presidential nominee in 1920. Refusing to run for the presidency, Hoover served as secretary of commerce in the administrations of Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, transforming that department between 1921 and 1928 into one of the most important and well-publicized federal departments... Thus in 1927, when President Coolidge enigmatically announced that he "did not choose to run" again, Hoover decided to try for the first elective office of his career against the seasoned New York politician and Democratic governor Alfred E. Smith... Hoover's victory proved less impressive than Smith's defeat... Before, during, and after his presidency, Hoover was a transitional figure: a self-made, ruthless engineer who turned into a philanthropist and progressive reformer; a chief executive who practiced certain features of the modern presidency later associated with Roosevelt; and finally, a private citizen whose criticisms of both the New Deal and the Cold War would be resurrected in the 1960s among the "New Left" and again in the 1990s among the "New Right." Hoover died in New York City and was buried in West Branch, Iowa. "Herbert Clark Hoover." American National Biography Online. http://www.anb.org/articles (Retrieved April 3, 2009)
Woodrow Wilson (28/29 Dec. 1856-3 Feb. 1924), the twenty-eighth president of the United States, was born Thomas Woodrow Wilson in Staunton, Virginia, the son of Dr. Joseph Ruggles Wilson, Presbyterian minister and director of the Augusta Female Seminary, and Janet Woodrow... Wilson resumed his formal education in 1875 at the College of New Jersey in Princeton, a well-regarded school that attracted southern Presbyterians... He graduated in the class of 1879... Wilson went to the University of Virginia to study law and prepare for a career as a lawyer and politician... He continued to study law at home and in 1882 passed the Georgia bar exam. Wilson set up a law practice in Atlanta, but he and his law partner, Edward Renick, attracted few clients... Abandoning law in 1883, but not his ambition to become a statesman, he entered Johns Hopkins University to study constitutional and political history... In 1886 Johns Hopkins University awarded the Ph.D. to Wilson (making him the first U.S. president with an earned doctorate). Wilson began teaching history and political science at Bryn Mawr, a Quaker college for women near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. With the promise of steady income, he and Ellen Axson were married on 24 June 1885... In 1902 Princeton's trustees chose Wilson as president... Wilson was running for governor of New Jersey... The bosses enabled him to win the nomination and the 1910 election... In the election on 4 November 1912, Wilson won 435 electoral votes to Roosevelt's 88 and Taft's 8, but not a majority of the popular vote. The solidly Democratic South helped its first native son since the Civil War to capture the White House... Fortunately for Wilson, the 1916 presidential election came before the war in Europe shattered the illusion that the United States could remain at peace without sacrificing maritime and commercial rights...Wilson on 8 January 1918 outlined his vision of progressive order in the Fourteen Points address to Congress. His plan called for open diplomacy, freedom of navigation and commerce, disarmament, national self-determination, and a postwar League of Nations. "Woodrow Wilson." American National Biography Online. http://www.anb.org/articles (Retrieved April 3, 2009)
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