United States. Office of Indian Affairs
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United States. Office of Indian Affairs
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United States. Office of Indian Affairs
États-Unis. Office of Indian Affairs
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États-Unis. Office of Indian Affairs
United States. Asuntos Indígena, Departamento de
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United States. Asuntos Indígena, Departamento de
United States. Commissioner of Indian Affairs
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United States. Commissioner of Indian Affairs
United States. Indian Affairs, Office of
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United States. Indian Affairs, Office of
United States. Indian Office
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United States. Indian Office
United States. Indian Service
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United States. Indian Service
United States. Departamento de Asuntos Indígena
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United States. Departamento de Asuntos Indígena
United States. Indian Department
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United States. Indian Department
United States. Indian Commissioner
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United States. Indian Commissioner
Etats-Unis Office of Indian affairs
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Etats-Unis Office of Indian affairs
United States. Indian Bureau
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United States. Indian Bureau
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Biographical History
United States bureau with responsibility for Indian relations.
Develops and implements, in cooperation with tribal governments, Native American organizations, other federal agencies, state & local governments, and other interested groups, economic, social, educational, and other programs for the benefit and advancement of Indian and Alaska native people. Established in 1824 within the War Dept., transferred to the Dept. of the Interior in 1849. Name changed to Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1947.
The United States Indian Police was established by Congress in 1878 to keep order on Indian land, including Indian Territory in what would become Oklahoma. Charles La Flore or Le Flore was a famous Indian Police officer, who had a successful 13 career. He assisted in the capture of Creek Freedman Dick Glass, one of the most notorious Indian Territory outlaws.
Chief Pepeyah or Pe-Pe-Yah was a Potawatomi Chief in Paw Paw (Mich.) who received a land patent in 1839.
Jacob Forney, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Utah Territory from 1857-1860, arrived in Utah shortly after the Mountain Meadows Massacre of Sep 11, 1857. He identified 17 children who had survived the massacre and been sent to live with Mormon families. He arranged for the children to be returned to relatives in the East and embraced a policy of appeasement towards local Indian tribes, distributing gifts in large quantities to their communities.
In late 1858 John Cradlebaugh, United States Associate Justice for the District of Utah, initiated an investigation into the Mountain Meadows Massacre. He attempted to prosecute Mormon conspirators for the atrocity, and eventually accused Forney of official misconduct, alleging that Forney helped hide Mormon complicity in the attack and that Forney was embezelling government funds.
In 1860, after depositions in Washington and hearings in Utah relating to Cradlebaugh's accusations, Forney was dismissed from his post. Forney returned to Pennsylvania and is believed to have died during the Civil War. Cradlebaugh moved to Carson City and was elected Delegate to Congress for the new Territory of Nevada. During the Civil War, he served as a colonel in the Union Army and afterwards, settled in Eureka, Nevada, where he engaged in mining until his death in 1872.
Born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Jacob Forney was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Utah Territory in 1857 by President James Buchanan. Forney arrived in Utah in the fall of 1857 as federal troops arrived to enforce United States authority over the region. In his letters to the Office of Indian Affairs in Washington, Forney remarked that the Indians in Utah were "in a very unsettled condition" when he arrived, and credited his policy of appeasement and gift distribution as preventing "serious difficulties" (1858 Nov 5).
Within a few years, however, Forney's actions came under scrutiny by the Office of Indian Affairs. The review occurred as part of a larger investigation by the federal government of the Mountain Meadows Massacre. The Massacre, in which a party of Arkansas emigrants on their way to California were killed, occurred in southern Utah in September 1857, shortly before Forney's arrival in the territory. Investigating the circumstances of the massacre upon his arrival, Forney learned the whereabouts of 17 child survivors; the children had been distributed among Mormon families in the vicinity of the attack. After gathering the children, Forney, assisted by members of the United States Army, returned them to their families in the east.
Critics-- federal Judge John Cradlebaugh chief among them-- accused Forney of neglecting evidence of Mormon complicity in the Massacre and of financial misconduct. The Office of Indian Affairs began an official investigation into the charges laid against Forney in 1860, and held depositions in Washington as well as hearings in Utah. In mid-1860, Forney was dismissed from his post as Superintendent. Little is known about Forney's life following his dismissal. He is believed to have died in 1865.
Born in Circleville, Ohio, on February 22, 1819, John Cradlebaugh attended Kenyon College and studied law in Oxford, Ohio. After being admitted to the bar in 1840, he was appointed United States associate justice for the district of Utah on June 4, 1858. He arrived in the territory on November 1, and began active prosecution of those responsible for the violence in the region.
In March of 1859, Cradlebaugh held his first term of court at Provo, convening a grand jury to hear evidence of Mormon criminal activity. The jury failed to indict anyone. Cradlebaugh dismissed the jury and continued the investigation under his authority as sitting magistrate. Accompanied by a small detachment of United States troops and by a deputy marshal, Cradlebaugh visited the southern part of the territory, including Mountain Meadows. During this investigation, Cradlebaugh met Superintendent Forney returning from his own investigation of the site, accompanied by the surviving children of the massacre. The judge and his deputy marshal interviewed Indians and settlers in various encampments until the marshal and troops were recalled under instructions from the Department of War, effectively curtailing Cradlebaugh's investigation of the affair. Based on his observations and other evidence, Cradlebaugh concluded that Forney had abused the powers of his office. In September 1859, Cradlebaugh contacted the Office of Indian Affairs regarding his suspicions. His accusations launched the Office's official investigation into Forney's conduct, and led to Forney's dismissal.
Cradlebaugh was subsequently appointed to preside over a judicial district that included Carson Valley. He became a key actor in the creation of the Territory of Nevada, and was eventually elected delegate to Congress, serving from 1861 Dec 2 to 1863 Mar 3. During the Civil War, he enlisted as a Colonel in the Union Army. He was wounded at Vicksburg in May 1863, and was honorably discharged from the military in October 1863. He returned to Nevada, and settled in Eureka. He ran unsucessfully for United States Senator, and engaged in the mining industry until his death in 1873. Cradlebaugh was interred in Circleville, Ohio, in 1879.
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External Related CPF
https://viaf.org/viaf/131278631
https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n83125651
https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83125651
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Languages Used
eng
Zyyy
Subjects
Agriculture and Natural Resources
American letters
Assiniboine Indians
Black Hawk War, 1832
Cheyenne Indians
Dakota Indians
Dakota Indians
Dakota Indians
Dakota Indians
Dakota Indians
Dakota Indians
Dakota Indians
Dakota Indians
Dakota Indians
Dakota Indians
Dakota Indians
Fox Indians
Fur trade
Fur trade
Grist mills
Hopi Indians
Indian agents
Indian agents
Indian allotments
Indian allottees
Indian reservations
Indian scouts
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians of North America
Indians, Treatment of
Indian traders
Indian traders
Jicarilla Indians
Judges
Judges
Mdewakanton Indians
Mdewakanton Indians
Mdewakanton Indians
Menominee Indians
Missionaries
Missionaries
Mormons
Mormons
Mormons
Mountain Meadows Massacre, Utah, 1857
Munsee Indians
Names, Ojibwa
Navajo Indians
Navajo Indians
Navajo Indians
Ojibwa Indians
Ojibwa Indians
Ojibwa Indians
Ojibwa Indians
Ojibwa Indians
Ojibwa Indians
Ojibwa Indians
Ojibwa Indians
Ojibwa Indians
Ojibwa Indians
Oneida Indians
Ottawa Indians
Paiute Indians
Paiute Indians
Paiute Indians
Pawnee Indians
Ponca Indians
Potawatomi Indians
Potawatomi Indians
Potawatomi Indians
Potawatomi Indians
Potawatomi Indians
Public officers
Public officers
Railroads
Salish Indians
Sauk Indians
Sawmills
Scouts and scouting
Shoshoni Indians
Sihasapa Indians
Sihasapa Indians
Siksika Indians
Sisseton Indians
Spirit Lake Massacre, Iowa, 1857
Stockbridge Indians
Ute Indians
Ute Indians
Wahpekute Indians
Wahpeton Indians
Water and Water Rights
Water rights
Water rights
Winnebago Indians
Winnebago Indians
Winnebago Indians
Winnebago Indians
Winnebago Indians
Nationalities
Americans
Activities
Indian agents
Judges
Merchants
Public officers
Occupations
Indian agents
Judges
Public officers
Legal Statuses
Places
Arizona
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Pike Island (Minn.)
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Lac du Flambeau Reservation (Wis.)
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West (U.S.)
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Mille Lacs Indian Reservation (Minn.)
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Laona (Wis.)
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Lake Traverse Indian Reservation (N.D. and S.D.)
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Spanish Fork Indian Farm (Utah)
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Fort Snelling (Minn.)
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La Pointe (Wis.)
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Montana
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White Earth Indian Reservation (Minn.)
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Bois Fort Reservation (Minn.)
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Rio Arriba County (N.M.)
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White Earth Indian Reservation (Minn.)
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Sanpete Indian Farm (Utah)
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New Mexico--Rio Arriba County
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New Mexico
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Leech Lake Indian Reservation (Minn.)
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North America
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Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (N.D.)
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Utah
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Tomah (Wis.)
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Paw Paw (Mich.)
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Fort Totten Indian Reservation (N.D.)
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Michigan
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United States
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Arizona
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Jicarilla Indian Reservation (N.M.)
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Fort Defiance (Ariz.)
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Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians
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Marshall County (Kan.)
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Fort Totten Indian Reservation (N.D.)
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Wisconsin
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United States
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Hayward (Wis.)
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Standing Rock Indian Reservation (N.D. and S.D.)
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Nevada
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Pipestone Indian Reservation (Minn.)
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Lac du Flambeau (Wis.)
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United States
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Michigan
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Kansas
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Utah
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United States
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West (U.S.)
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Minnesota
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Idaho
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Standing Rock Indian Reservation (N.D. and S.D.)
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United States
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Arizona
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West (U.S.)
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Keshena (Wis.)
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Kansas
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Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation (N.D.)
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United States
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North America
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Marysville (Kan.)
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Lac Courte Oreilles (Wis.)
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Minnesota
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North America
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Fond du Lac Indian Reservation (Minn.)
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Grand Portage Reservation (Minn.)
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Kansas
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Spanish Fork Indian Farm (Utah)
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Iowa
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Wyoming
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Navajo Indian Reservation
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Kansas
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Red Lake Indian Reservation (Minn.)
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Wisconsin
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Bad River Reservation (Wis.)
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Sanpete Indian Farm (Utah)
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Grand River Agency (N.D.)
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Montana
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Convention Declarations
<conventionDeclaration><citation>VIAF</citation></conventionDeclaration>