DeVries, William C. (William Castle), 1943-

William Castle DeVries was born at the Brooklyn Naval Hospital in New York on December 19, 1943. His parents were Henry DeVries, a physician and lieutenant junior grade in the Naval Reserve during World War II, and Cathryn DeVries, a nurse. After his father was killed during the Battle of Hollandia in the Pacific Theater of Operations, William and his mother moved to Utah to be near family. The young DeVries was active in sports, excelled in his studies, and displayed an early interest in medicine and mechanics. DeVries attended medical school at the University of Utah throughout the 1960s. He attempted to enlist in the military during the Cuban Missile Crisis but was ineligible because of his status as a "sole surviving son" and not needed due to an inpouring of Vietnam War draftees. DeVries went on to earn his B.S. in Molecular and Genetic Biology (cum laude) in 1966 and his M.D. in 1970. Willem Kolff, a pioneer in the field of artificial organs, was an early mentor during this period; DeVries asked to join his research team while in his first year at medical school. DeVries's work with Kolff allowed him to perform experimental surgery on the first animal recipients of an artificial heart. After earning his medical degree, DeVries left Utah to perform his internship and surgical residency at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. He was the recipient of several research awards from the North Carolina Heart Association for various cardiothoracic studies he performed at Duke University during the 1970s. In 1979, DeVries returned to the University of Utah as an assistant professor of surgery and a member of Kolff's team; the following year he became Chairman of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the University's Medical Center. At this point, DeVries began working with Robert K. Jarvik's design for a mechanical heart: the Jarvik-7, a device which replaced the ventricles of the human heart and was powered by an electrical unit outside the patient's body. A series of successful animal experiments led the Utah team to seek permission from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to implant the Jarvik-7 in a human patient. When permission was granted, DeVries became the only surgeon in the world authorized to implant a total artificial heart (TAH) as a permanent replacement for a diseased human heart. The first patient to receive the TAH implant -- 62-year-old Barney Clark -- was chosen by the unanimous decision of a six-member review panel. On December 2, 1982, DeVries and his surgical team performed the first TAH implant in a human patient, a widely-publicized event which made DeVries an international celebrity. Clark's death of multiple organ failure 112 days after implantation and the many ethical and practical concerns raised by the public caused the FDA and the Utah team to reassess protocols for the TAH program. Feeling that the intense scrutiny was slowing down his research, DeVries left the University of Utah in 1984 to accept a position with Humana Heart Institute International in Louisville, Kentucky. On November 25, 1984, DeVries implanted his second Jarvik-7 artificial heart into 52-year-old William Schroeder. Like Clark, Schroeder was the subject of intense media coverage during his recovery from the implant and several subsequent complications, including fevers and strokes. Before Schroeder's death, DeVries had performed implants on two additional patients: 58-year-old Murray Haydon, who died of an infection 488 days later, and 63-year-old Jack Burcham, who died of massive internal bleeding 10 days later. Humana's artificial heart program stalled just as the national debate over the merits of this experimental procedure grew more urgent. DeVries was called upon to voice his professional opinion on the ethics of using experimental devices on human patients and the publicity surrounding his procedures. In June 1987DeVries formed his own private surgical practice, focusing on traditional cardiovascular surgery in order to work with more patients. In 2000 DeVries joined the Walter Reed Army Medical Center as a consultant to the Department of Surgery and served as the Director of Quality Assurance and Research within the Integrated Cardiothoracic Surgery Service.

William Castle DeVries was born at the Brooklyn Naval Hospital in New York on December 19, 1943. His parents were Henry DeVries, a physician and lieutenant junior grade in the Naval Reserve during World War II, and Cathryn DeVries, a nurse. After his father was killed during the Battle of Hollandia in the Pacific Theater of Operations, William and his mother moved to Utah to be near family. His mother eventually married Don Nuttall and bore an additional eight children by him. The young DeVries was active in sports, excelled in his studies, and displayed an early interest in medicine and mechanics.

DeVries attended medical school at the University of Utah throughout the 1960s. He attempted to enlist in the military during the Cuban Missile Crisis but was ineligible because of his status as a "sole surviving son" and not needed due to an inpouring of Vietnam War draftees. Advised by an officer to continue his medical education, DeVries went on to earn his B.S. in Molecular and Genetic Biology (cum laude) in 1966 and his M.D. in 1970. Willem Kolff, a pioneer in the field of artificial organs, was an early mentor during this period; DeVries asked to join his research team while in his first year at medical school. DeVries's work with Kolff allowed him to perform experimental surgery on the first animal recipients of an artificial heart. After earning his medical degree, DeVries left Utah to perform his internship and surgical residency at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. He was the recipient of several research awards from the North Carolina Heart Association for various cardiothoracic studies he performed at Duke University during the 1970s.

In 1979, DeVries returned to the University of Utah as an assistant professor of surgery and a member of Kolff's team; the following year he became Chairman of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the University's Medical Center. At this point, DeVries began working with Robert K. Jarvik's design for a mechanical heart: the Jarvik-7, a device which replaced the ventricles of the human heart and was powered by an electrical unit outside the patient's body. A series of successful animal experiments led the Utah team to seek permission from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to implant the Jarvik-7 in a human patient. When permission was granted, DeVries became the only surgeon in the world authorized to implant a total artificial heart (TAH) as a permanent replacement for a diseased human heart. The first patient to receive the TAH implant -- 62-year-old Barney Clark -- was chosen by the unanimous decision of a six-member review panel. On December 2, 1982, DeVries and his surgical team performed the first TAH implant in a human patient, a widely-publicized event which made DeVries an international celebrity. His patient experienced a series of medical complications following the procedure (including strokes) that were also the subject of considerable media attention. Clark's death of multiple organ failure 112 days after implantation and the many ethical and practical concerns raised by the public caused the FDA and the Utah team to reassess protocols for the TAH program.

Feeling that the intense scrutiny was slowing down his research, DeVries left the University of Utah in 1984 to accept a position with Humana Heart Institute International in Louisville, Kentucky. He joined the practice of Humana chairman and founder Allan Lansing and received permission from the FDA to perform his remaining TAH procedures at Humana Hospital-Audubon. On November 25, 1984, DeVries implanted his second Jarvik-7 artificial heart into 52-year-old William Schroeder. Like Clark, Schroeder was the subject of intense media coverage during his recovery from the implant and several subsequent complications, including fevers and strokes. Schroeder eventually died of a stroke on August 6, 1986, becoming the longest surviving recipient of an artificial heart. Before Schroeder's death, DeVries had performed implants on two additional patients: 58-year-old Murray Haydon, who died of an infection 488 days later, and 63-year-old Jack Burcham, who died of massive internal bleeding 10 days later. Humana's artificial heart program stalled just as the national debate over the merits of this experimental procedure grew more urgent. DeVries was called upon to voice his professional opinion on the ethics of using experimental devices on human patients and the publicity surrounding his procedures. By 1987, more Jarvik-7 hearts were being implanted by other surgeons outside of Humana; these implants were only bridges to transplantation as opposed to permanent replacements for diseased hearts.

Before long, DeVries grew frustrated with the TAH program's inertia and drained by the intense international attention directed at his research. His increasingly-strained relationship with Lansing resulted in DeVries leaving the practice in June 1987 to form his own private surgical practice. He began focusing on traditional cardiovascular surgery in order to work with more patients; consequently, he had little to do with artificial heart research after years of intense work in the field. In June 1988, DeVries formally resigned from his position at Humana to firmly establish his practice as a separate entity from the institute. Humana continued its support of the artificial heart program until the FDA withdrew its approval of the Jarvik-7 in 1990. Meanwhile, DeVries continued performing open-heart surgeries out of the public spotlight until he retired from private practice in 1999.