East India Company

The East India Company (formally called the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies (1600-1708) and the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies (1708-1873)), was an English company formed for the exploitation of the spice trade in East and Southeast Asia and India. It was incorporated by Royal Charter in December 1600.

Incorporated by Royal Charter in 1600 under the name the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. Formed to share in the East Indian spice trade, the company met with opposition from the Dutch in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Although after the massacre of Amboina in 1623, the Dutch virtually excluded company members from the East Indies, the company's defeat of the Portuguese in India (1612) won them trading concessions from the Mughal Empire.

Thomas Cockburn of the East India Company.

A Dutch trading company operating between 1602 and 1799 in countries between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan.

The East India Company was an English joint-stock company formed in 1600 that ruled portions of South Asia until 1858.

The East India Company administered the official pre-1858 British government of India (from London). The documentary archives of this administration are held jointly at the British Library (Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections) and in Bombay. The Secret and Political Department which created these Diaries was formed in 1754 under the orders of the Court of Directors, with Proceedings beginning in March 1755. The department dealt mainly with subjects of a political nature, viz. correspondence with residents at foreign courts, transactions with foreign nations, military affairs etc. In the period 1809-1820, the records of the department are divided into two separate departments, 1. Political Department and 2. Secret Department. From 1820, the Department became known as the Political Department, and dealt mainly with subjects relating to Native States within the jurisdiction of the Bombay Government, boundary disputes, extradition etc. From 1920-1938 the Political Department was re-designated as the Political and Reforms Department, with Treasure Trove, meteorology, emigration and matters relating to government servants being transferred from the General Department between 1929-1930. In 1938, the Services were also transferred to the Political and Reforms Department, which was renamed as the Political and Services Department. Since 1960, the Department has been designated as the General Administration Department.

The East India Company was established in 1600 as a joint-stock association of English merchants who received, by a series of charters, exclusive rights to trade to the 'Indies'. The 'Indies' were defined as the lands lying between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan, and the Company soon established a network of warehouses or 'factories' throughout south and east Asia. Over a period of 250 years the Company underwent several substantial changes in its basic character and functions. A period of rivalry between the Old and New Companies after 1698 resulted in the formation in 1709 of the United Company of Merchants Trading to the East Indies. This 'new' East India Company was transformed during the second half of the eighteenth century from a mainly commercial body with scattered Asian trading interests into a major territorial power in India with its headquarters in Calcutta. The political implications of this development eventually caused the British government in 1784 to institute standing Commissioners (the Board of Control) in London to exercise supervision over the Company's Indian policies. This change in the Company's status, along with other factors, led to the Acts of Parliament of 1813 and 1833, which opened the British trade with the East Indies to all shipping and resulted in the Company's complete withdrawal from its commercial functions. The Company continued to exercise responsibility, under the supervision of the Board, for the government of India until the re-organisation of 1858.

Throughout most of these changes the basic structure of Company organisation in East India House in the City of London remained largely unaltered, comprising a large body of proprietors or shareholders and an elected Court of Directors, headed by a chairman and deputy chairman who, aided by permanent officials, were responsible for the daily conduct of Company business. The Board of Control maintained its separate office close to the Government buildings in Westminster. In 1858, the Company merged with the Board of Control (aka the Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India) to create the India Office.

The Company established a library in East India House in 1801 as a public repository for the safe custody of books, manuscripts and works of art placed in its care by its servants in India and by others. The East India Company's Library was systematically developed by the Company and the India Office as a reference library for official administration and as a learned library for scholars, and it served, from 1867, the archival function as the place of legal deposit in Britain for works published in British India. The practice by which the councils and committees in factories, settlements and centres of government routinely sent copies of their own Indian proceedings and minutes to London for reference contributed significantly to the comprehensiveness of the archives of the East India Company and the India Office from the earliest years.

Both the East India Company and the Board of Control made provision for the care and custody of their records, the Company mainly through the office of Registrar and Keeper of the Indian Books (from 1771), and the Board through the Librarian and Keeper of the Papers (from 1811). In 1860 the India Office surveyed its predecessors' records, and destroyed a large amount of material, particularly commercial records, considered to be ephemeral, while retaining what were judged to be the important historical records. The preservation of the pre-1858 records and of the newly-accumulating records of the India Office was assigned to a central Record Department in 1884. After the independence of India, Pakistan and Burma in 1947 and 1948 the Indian Records Section (later the India Office Records) and the India Office Library were administered by the Commonwealth Relations Office, later the Commonwealth Office, and (from 1968) by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In 1982 the India Office Library and Records were placed on deposit with the British Library Board, and the India Office Records have since been administered, as Public Records, in the British Library Asia Pacific & Africa Collections (formerly Oriental and India Office Collections).