University of Michigan.

Outside of museum holdings, no comprehensive survey and inventory of campus artwork had been attempted since 1937. With support from the Michigan Commission on Art in Public Places, 1,076 items were inventoried during 1988-1990. Additional inventory work was undertaken in 1997-1998 for risk management purposed, but generated little new information.

From the description of Inventory of University of Michigan-owned art, 1988-1990, 1997-1998. (University of Michigan). WorldCat record id: 81475220

The standard practice guide was developed "to provide University of Michigan employees with convenient access to the operating policies and practices of the various departments, facilities, and services that are available."

From the description of Standard practice guide, 1946-2005. (University of Michigan). WorldCat record id: 85778743

Competition between classes was a feature of student life from the early days of the university. I particular between the freshman and sophomore classes as the sophomores sought to initiate the incoming freshman to campus life. The competition expressed itself in hazing, a variety of pranks, athletic competition, and a "rush" which generally involved one class defending some symbolic object or piece of campus against the attack of the other class. "Black Friday" was one of the main expressions of the competition. On an designated Friday in the Fall the freshman would gather around the campus flagpole to defend their banner against the sophomores/ The battle would continue until the sophomores had captured the banner or the freshman had defended it for at least thirty minutes.

From the guide to the [Freshman-sophomore rush posters, University of Michigan], 1883?-1941, (Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan)

This assembled collection consists of diplomas issued to University of Michigan students from various departments and colleges. Also included is a sample of a corrected blank form to be used in 1845 if engraved diplomas did not arrive in time.

From the guide to the University of Michigan diplomas, 1845-1930s, 1977, (Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan)

The University of Michigan Calendars collection has been assembled form a variety of sources and donations.

From the guide to the University of Michigan calendars, 1898-2007, 1900-1950, (Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan)

The website series forms part of the collection of materials pertaining to two lawsuits filed in 1997 (Grantz, et al. v. Bollinger; and Grutter, et al. v. Bollinger) alleging that the University of Michigan's admissions practices discriminated against non-minority applicants.

The lawsuits made the university a focal point in the national debate over the value and legality of affirmative action in higher education.

University President Lee Bollinger and other members of the university community conducted a highly visible national media campaign to explain and elicit support for the university's admissions policies and the values upon which they were based, the lawsuits also stimulated intense discussion on the University of Michigan campus over issues of diversity, fairness and equal opportunity.

The website was one of the main communication devices the university used to disseminate information about the lawsuits to university faculty, students, and staff.

From the description of University of Michigan admissions lawsuits website, 2002 [electronic resource]. (University of Michigan). WorldCat record id: 84320102

The Year 2000 Information Campaign was formed as part of the University's concern and overall plan to insure that the information systems used on campus would not be affected by the "Millennium Bug."

The Millennium Bug of the Year 2000 problem referred to administrative systems designed circa 1970s.

From the description of Year 2000 Information Campaign (University of Michigan) website 2000 [electronic resource]. (University of Michigan). WorldCat record id: 80718808

Two lawsuits filed in 1997 (Gratz, et al. v. Bollinger; and Grutter, et al. v. Bollinger) made the University of Michigan a focal point in the national debate over the value and legality of affirmative action in higher education.

The lawsuits brought by non-minority applicants challenged the legality of the university's admissions process.

From the description of University of Michigan admissions lawsuits collection, 1997-2001. (University of Michigan). WorldCat record id: 84186913

On October 13, 1997, Jennifer Gratz, an unsuccessful white applicant for the Fall 1995 term, and Patrick Hamacher, an unsuccessful white applicant for the Fall 1997 term, brought a lawsuit in district court against the College of Literature, Science and the Arts (LS&A). On December 3, 1997, Barbara Grutter, an unsuccessful white applicant for the Fall 1997 entering class, brought a similar suit against the Law School. The plaintiffs sued both the university and specific university officials, including President Lee Bollinger, President Emeritus James Duderstadt, and Law School Dean Jeffrey Lehman, in their individual and official capacities. Both cases were certified as class actions for purposes of reviewing the policies at issue.

The Center for Individual Rights (CIR), a nonprofit public interest law firm located in Washington, D.C., represented the plaintiffs, with the Minneapolis law firm of Maslon, Edelman, Borman, & Brand serving as lead counsel. The CIR had been active in conducting lawsuits seeking to dismantle affirmative action in college admissions and racial preference in a variety of arenas, including a successful case against the University of Texas Law School ( Hopwood v. State of Texas ). The university's lead counsel for the suits was John Payton, a civil rights attorney of the Washington D.C. law firm of Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering, with local counsel provided by Butzel Long of Detroit.

The plaintiffs in the cases charged that the university unlawfully discriminated against them by taking race and ethnicity into account as a positive factor in admissions. They sought injunctive relief and monetary damages. The university took the position that the Constitution and civil rights statutes, as interpreted by the Supreme Court in its 1978 decision in the case of University of California v. Bakke, permitted it to consider race and ethnicity in its admissions in order to achieve the educational benefits of a diverse student body. (The Bakke decision stated that there must be a "compelling governmental interest" to justify the use of race in admissions. The university asserted that diversity was just such an interest.)

In both lawsuits, groups of students and citizens petitioned to intervene in support of the university's admissions policy. Although their intervention was initially denied by the district courts, in August 1999 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit allowed the intervention and made the student and citizen groups full parties in the case. The intervenors defended the university's policy on the basis that it was needed to remedy past and/or present discrimination against people of color. In the LS&A case, the intervenors included 17 African-American and Latino students who applied or planned to apply to the university and the group Citizens for Affirmative Action Preservation. In the Law School case, the intervenors included 41 students and three groups: United for Equality and Affirmative Action, the Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action By Any Means Necessary, and Law Students for Affirmative Action.

Many organizations and entities filed "friend of the Court" (amicus) briefs in the Court of Appeals for both sides of the case. Organizations filing briefs in support of the university's position included General Motors Corporation, the American Bar Association, the American Council on Education, the National Organization for Women (NOW) Legal Defense Fund, the Attorney General of Michigan, and a group of Fortune 500 companies including Microsoft, Intel, Pfizer and others. Organizations filing amicus briefs in support of the plaintiffs included the National Association of Scholars.

On December 13, 2000, Judge Patrick Duggan ruled without a trial and granted summary judgment in the university's favor in the Gratz case. Finding that the pursuit of the educational benefits of diversity is a compelling governmental interest, he ruled that the university's current admissions policy, in place since 1999, was fully constitutional, but that its admissions policy from 1995 to 1998 was unconstitutional. In a separate opinion, Duggan rejected the intervenors' alternative argument defending the policy. CIR has petitioned to appeal the judgment about the current admissions process and the university has petitioned to cross-appeal the ruling on the unconstitutionality of the admissions process for the years 1995 to 1998.

From January 16 through February 16, 2001, a limited trial on the specifics of the Law School admissions process was held. On March 27, 2001, Judge Bernard Friedman issued a decision for Grutter finding that the educational benefits of diversity were not a compelling interest, and that the specifics of the Law School's policy were not "narrowly tailored" to that interest. He also struck down the intervenors' defense, saying that it was essentially based on remedying societal discrimination and impermissible. He issued an order that the Law School cease considering race in its admissions process. The university immediately appealed the ruling and filed a motion for a stay of injunction. On April 5, 2001, the Court of Appeals issued a stay of the District Court order, allowing the Law School to continue using its current admissions policy while the appeal proceeds.

In October 2001, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals granted the plaintiffs' motion for hearing oral arguments en banc. The hearings were scheduled for December 2001. In May 2002 the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals held in the Grutter case that the Law School's admissions policy is constitutional, reversing the March 27, 2001 decision of Judge Friedman. From August 2002 to October 2002 petitions for certiorari, asking the U.S. Supreme Court to view the Grutter and Gratz case were filed. In December 2002 the U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari before judgment on the Constitutional issue only in Gratz and granted certiorari in the Grutter case. Oral arguments were heard before the U.S. Supreme Court in Gratz and Grutter on April 1, 2003. A decision from the U.S. Supreme Court was delivered on June 23, 2003. In a 5-4 vote, the U.S. Supreme Court justices upheld the University of Michigan Law School admissions policy ( Grutter v. Bollinger, et. al ) and in a 6-3 vote struck down the university's undergraduate admissions policy ( Gratz and Hamacher v. Bollinger, et. al). On July 18, 2003, the plaintiff in Grutter v. Bollinger et al. filed a petition with the U.S. Supreme Court requesting to rehear the case. The petition for rehearing of Grutter was denied on August 25, 2003.

At the time of this writing, the University Michigan Office of Undergraduate Admissions has announced a new process for reviewing student applications that will include more individualized review. This process will be in place for those students applying for admissions for the Fall 2004 term.

From the guide to the University of Michigan admissions lawsuits collection, 1995-2003, (Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan)