Dachau (Concentration camp)

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The Dachau concentration camp was established in March 1933. It was the first regular concentration camp established by the National Socialist (Nazi) government. It was located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory near the northeastern part of the town of Dachau in southern Germany.

During the first year, the camp had a capacity of 5,000 prisoners. Initially the internees were primarily German Communists, Social Democrats, trade unionists, and other political opponents of the Nazi regime. Over time, other groups were also interned at Dachau, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Roma (Gypsies), gay men, as well as "asocials" and repeat criminal offenders. During the early years relatively few Jews were interned in Dachau and then usually because they belonged to one of the above groups or had completed prison sentences after being convicted for violating the Nuremberg Laws of 1935. The number of Jewish prisoners at Dachau rose with the increased persecution of Jews. On November 10–11, 1938, in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, almost 11,000 Jewish men were interned there. Most of the men in this group were released after incarceration of a few weeks to a few months, many after proving they had made arrangements to emigrate from Germany.

Following the deportation of German Jews to ghettos and killing centers in the German-occupied east, the population of Jews in Dachau decreased dramatically. Jews again figured among its prisoner population when death marches brought thousands of prisoners from these camps in the east into the German interior.

Beginning in 1942, German physicians performed medical experiments on prisoners in Dachau. Physicians and scientists from the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) and the German Experimental Institute for Aviation conducted high-altitude and hypothermia experiments, as well as experiments to test methods for making seawater potable. These efforts aimed to aid German pilots who conducted bombing raids or who were downed in icy waters. German scientists also carried out experiments to test the efficacy of pharmaceuticals against diseases like malaria and tuberculosis. Hundreds of prisoners died or were harmed as a result of these experiments.

Dachau prisoners were used as forced laborers. Prisoners built roads, worked in gravel pits, and drained marshes. During the war, forced labor using concentration camp prisoners became increasingly important to German armaments production. In the summer and fall of 1944, to increase war production, satellite camps under the administration of Dachau were established near armaments factories throughout southern Germany.

Dachau alone had some 140 subcamps, mainly in southern Bavaria where prisoners worked almost exclusively in armaments works. Thousands of prisoners were worked to death. The number of prisoners incarcerated in Dachau between 1933 and 1945 exceeded 200,000. It is difficult to estimate the number of prisoners who died at Dachau. The thousands brought to the camp for execution were not registered before their deaths. Furthermore, the number of deaths that occurred during evacuation have not been assessed. Scholars believe that at least 40,000 prisoners died at Dachau.

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
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referencedIn War Crimes Investigations Case Files, 1947–1948 National Archives at College Park
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referencedIn Peter Newton (formerly Rudolf Neu) and Frieda Newton: family papers, 1922-1994 Wiener Library
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referencedIn Smith, Willard DeLoy, 1914-. Papers, ca. 1943-1992. Harold B. Lee Library
referencedIn Hatch, Myron, 1919-. Papers, ca. 2000. Harold B. Lee Library
referencedIn Records Regarding the Foreign Exchange Depository, 1947–1949 National Archives at College Park
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referencedIn Slides of the liberation of Dachau concentration camp, 1945. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
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referencedIn Anonymous survivor testimony, undated. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Eric Nash: copy personal correspondence and papers, 1945-2007 Wiener Library
referencedIn Interrogation and Intelligence Reports, October 1944–October 1945 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Nowinski, Stanley M., 1911-1993. Papers and photographs, 1941-1993. Wisconsin Veterans Museum Research Center
referencedIn Concentration Camps Collection, 1933-2004 Leo Baeck Institute.
referencedIn Bernstein, Sidney Josh, 1922-2008. Sidney Bernstein papers, 1943-1945. Milwaukee Jewish Historical Society
referencedIn Viggiani, Carl A. Carl A. Viggiani papers, 1938-1996. University of Connecticut, Homer Babbidge Library
referencedIn "Private John Rex Kay letters home, 1943-1945; the conclusion of World War II in Europe, " collected and transcribed by Mary Fort Hamill and Nancy Fort Dahl, 1994 University of Kansas Kenneth Spencer Research Library Kanas Collection
referencedIn Concentration Camp Dachau Entry Registers, 1945–1945 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn War Crimes Trials Case Files, 1947–1958 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Photographs of Dachau concentration camp, undated. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Komitee ehemaliger politischer Gefangener: reports and statistics about concentration camps, 1945 Wiener Library
referencedIn Dachau and Buchenwald: Report on conditions and prisoners' possessions list (partly microfilm), 1939-1942 Wiener Library
referencedIn Traunstein Displaced Persons Camp: press cuttings, 1997 Wiener Library
referencedIn Medical Activity Reports, 1944–1946 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Photographs of Dachau concentration camp, undated. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Scheider, George, 1904-1988. George Scheider papers, 1940-1947. University at Albany, University Libraries
referencedIn Pierre C. T. Verheye papers, 1975-2004 Hoover Institution Archives
referencedIn Final Interrogation Reports, June 22, 1945–October 18, 1945 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Kaumheimer family. Kaumheimer family papers, 1918-1939 and undated. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Pinard, Paul A., 1919-2007,. Oral history interview with Paul A. Pinard, [sound recording], 1996. Wisconsin Veterans Museum Research Center
referencedIn Photograph of the hanging of a Nazi war criminal by the U.S. Army, 1945 May 29. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Stapleton, Edward Patrick. An interview with Edward (Pat) Stapleton / Edward P. Stapleton ; Mark R. DePue, interviewer. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
referencedIn Deane, Ernie. Dachau, July, 1963 [View 1] [graphic] / Ernie Deane [photographer]. Arkansas History Commission
referencedIn Kuttner, Godlewsky, Speyer and Marx family histories: papers, 1938-1940 and undated Wiener Library
referencedIn Kowalski, Ernest S. (Ernest Stanley). Ernest S. Kowalski papers, 1944 April 1-1946 May 22, undated. U.S. Army Heritage & Education Center
referencedIn Photographs, negatives, and other material relating to the liberation of Dachau concentration camp, 1945. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Detailed Interrogation Reports, December 4, 1944–July 20, 1945 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Weinshel, Leo R., 1912-1999. Leo R. Weinshel photograph collection, 1944-1945. Milwaukee Jewish Historical Society
creatorOf Dachau (Concentration camp). Dachau miscellaneous records, 1943-1945. Stanford University, Hoover Institution Library
referencedIn Kohút, Leo. Leo Kohút survivor testimony, undated. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Deane, Ernie. Dachau, July, 1963 [View 4] [graphic] / Ernie Deane [photographer]. Arkansas History Commission
referencedIn Ludwig Neumann Collection, 1909-1964 Leo Baeck Institute Archives
referencedIn Wilson, Charles E., 1915-. The Charles E. Wilson papers, 1987-1990. U.S. Army Heritage & Education Center
referencedIn Berry, Debra. Joel Shapiro, 1999 Spring : an oral history / written by Debra Berry. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
referencedIn Heilbrunner: account of life in Dachau, 1933 Wiener Library
referencedIn Barton, J. Emory. J. Emory Barton collection, 1945-1971 (bulk, 1945-1949). Holocaust Museum Houston
referencedIn Lilly Isler Collection, 1938-1946 Leo Baeck Institute Archives
referencedIn Karl Hauslich: Dachau concentration camp postcard, 1939 Wiener Library
referencedIn Heinrich Eduard Jacob Collection, 1929-1983 Leo Baeck Institute Archives
referencedIn Atkins, Earl. Earl Atkins papers, 1954-1955, undated. U.S. Army Heritage & Education Center
referencedIn Denson, William D. (William Dowdell). William Dowdell Denson papers, 1918-2004 (inclusive), 1945-1948 (bulk). Yale University Library
referencedIn Photographs of the liberation of Dachau concentration camp, 1945 May. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn General Correspondence Files, September 1945–1946 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Verheye, Pierre C. T. Pierre C. T. Verheye papers, 1975-2004. Stanford University, Hoover Institution Library
referencedIn Murdy, William D. William D. Murdy World War II collection, 1944-1945. Stephen F. Austin State University, East Texas Research Center
referencedIn Booklets about Dachau concentration camp from a Christian perspective, 1969-1970. Milwaukee Jewish Historical Society
referencedIn Linden, John H. (John Henning). John H. Linden writings, 1996-2000. Stanford University, Hoover Institution Library
referencedIn Schreiner, Harold 1917-2005. Harold Schreiner photographs, 1945. College of Charleston, Marlene and Nathan Addlestone Library
referencedIn Oiye, George. George Oiye photograph album, 1943-1946. Japanese American National Museum (Los Angeles, Calif.)
referencedIn Edith Loewenstein Collection, 1997 Leo Baeck Institute Archives
referencedIn Jungren, Ervin. Ervin Jungren survivor testimony, 1980. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Schulim Schatzberg: personal papers, 1916-1939 Wiener Library
referencedIn Warner, Mont M., 1919-. Memoir, ca. 2001. Harold B. Lee Library
referencedIn Kupfer-Koberwitz, Edgar. Dachau Diaries, 1942-1945 Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library,
referencedIn Hofstein, Arthur, 1922-. Oral history interview with Arthur Hofstein, 2007 October 30. University of North Texas Library, UNT
referencedIn Nathan Moncharsh oral history interviews, 1991 April 25 Tauber Holocaust Library
referencedIn Concentration Camps Clippings Collection, 1950-1997 Leo Baeck Institute.
referencedIn Warns, Bud 1928-,. Oral history interview with Bud Warns, 1999. Wisconsin Veterans Museum Research Center
referencedIn Annex 2 to Seventh U.S. Army G-2 Section Report of Operations, May 8, 1945–March 31, 1946 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Martin, Orville W., Jr., 1923-1999,. Oral history interview with Orville W. Martin, Jr., [sound recording], 1995. Wisconsin Veterans Museum Research Center
referencedIn Bakels, Floris B. Floris B. Bakels survivor testimony, undated. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Lalevitch, Dushan. Here we shall break your will power : typescript, 1951. Stanford University, Hoover Institution Library
referencedIn Rogerson, Harold, 1920-. Interview, 2000. Harold B. Lee Library
referencedIn Correspondence and Other Records of Brigadier General Charles K. Gailey, 1944–1948 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Litten, Hans (1903-1938): correspondence (microfilm), 1933-1938 Wiener Library
referencedIn Registers, Transport Lists, and Other Records Held by the International Tracing Service Relating Primarily to German-Operated Concentration Camps, November 1957–1983 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Fisher, Mary H. Mary H. Fisher papers, n.d. U.S. Army Heritage & Education Center
referencedIn Aigner, Leslie. Leslie Aigner survivor testimony, undated. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn General Records Pertaining to Restitution, 1947–1948 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Index to General Correspondence, January 1942–December 1946 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Peterson, Victor L., 1918-. Papers, ca. 1942-2001. Harold B. Lee Library
referencedIn Kupfer-Koberwitz, Edgar, 1906-1991. Dachau diaries, 1942-1945. University of Chicago Library
referencedIn Deane, Ernie. Dachau, July, 1963 [View 2] [graphic] / Ernie Deane [photographer]. Arkansas History Commission
referencedIn DeWitt, Jack R., 1918-. Papers and photographs, 1940-2000. Wisconsin Veterans Museum Research Center
referencedIn Photographs and slides of the liberation of Dachau concentration camp, 1945. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Slides of the liberation of Dachau concentration camp, 1945. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Muehlstein family: papers, 1901-2009 Wiener Library
referencedIn Ransbottom, William C. William C. Ransbottom collection, 1943-1946. Louisiana State University, LSU Libraries
referencedIn Marcus J. and Carol K. Smith papers, 1859-1984, 1930-1981 L. Tom Perry Special Collections
referencedIn Blau, Walter. Walter Blau survivor testimony, undated. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn McIntyre, George E. The George E. McIntyre papers, 1942-1945. U.S. Army Heritage & Education Center
referencedIn Tommar, John. John Tommar memorabilia and correspondence, 1945, 1980. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn World War II Photography Collection, 1921-1963 (Bulk 1941-1945) New-York Historical Society
referencedIn Reilly, John E., Jr. Dachau papers, 1945. Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
referencedIn Photographs of American Military Activities, ca. 1918 - ca. 1981 National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Gisela and Adolf Adler: personal papers, 1909-1961 Wiener Library
referencedIn Stein, Vera. Vera Stein survivor testimony : an interview with Vera Stein, 12/11/83, 1983 Dec. 11. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Kaumheimer family papers, 1935-1940 Tauber Holocaust Library
referencedIn Kahn, Henry. Henry Kahn papers, undated. Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocaust Library and Research Center
referencedIn Leibisch Engelbert: personal papers, 1945-1968 Wiener Library
referencedIn Dachau concentration camp: postcard, 1938 Wiener Library
referencedIn Concentration camp correspondence from various prisoners, c 1940-1944 Wiener Library
creatorOf Dachau (Germany: Concentration Camp) miscellaneous records, 1943-1945 Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace
Role Title Holding Repository
Relation Name
associatedWith Adler - Adolf - b 1895 person
associatedWith Adler - Gisela person
associatedWith Aigner, Leslie. person
associatedWith Atkins, Earl. person
associatedWith Ayres, Gene person
associatedWith Bakels, Floris B. person
associatedWith Barton, J. Emory. person
associatedWith Bergman, David, 1931- person
associatedWith Berman, Reuben. person
associatedWith Bernstein, Sidney Josh, 1922-2008. person
associatedWith Berry, Debra. person
associatedWith Blau, Walter. person
associatedWith Burgell - Erika - b 1932 person
associatedWith Cahnman, Werner Jacob, 1902-1980 person
associatedWith Clement, David Hale. person
associatedWith Croner, Herbert J. person
associatedWith Day, Russell E. person
associatedWith Deane, Ernie. person
associatedWith Denson, William D. (William Dowdell) person
associatedWith DeWitt, Jack R., 1918- person
associatedWith Eichmann, Adolf, 1906-1962 person
associatedWith Engelbert - Leibisch Wolf - b 1903 person
associatedWith Erdos, Oscar. person
associatedWith Fisher, Mary H. person
associatedWith Foster, Trufant, 1916-1991. person
associatedWith Fulda Ernst fl 1938 person
associatedWith Gaskill, John G. person
associatedWith Gorak, Edwin F. person
associatedWith Grant, John person
associatedWith Graven, Paul H., 1921-1999, person
associatedWith Grüber August fl 1936 person
associatedWith Harris, Jerrol. person
associatedWith Hatch, Myron, 1919- person
associatedWith Hauslich - Karl person
associatedWith Heilbrunner fl 1933 person
associatedWith Hofstein, Arthur, 1922- person
associatedWith Hony, Siegfried, 1891-1981. person
associatedWith Isler, Lilly, 1910? -circa 1965 person
associatedWith Jacob, Heinrich Eduard, 1899-1967 person
associatedWith Jungren, Ervin. person
associatedWith Kahn, Henry. person
associatedWith Kaumheimer family family
associatedWith Kaumheimer family. family
associatedWith Kay, John Rex, 1913- person
associatedWith Kohút, Leo. person
associatedWith Kolb, Friedrich. person
associatedWith Komitee ehemaliger politischer Gefangener person
associatedWith Kowalski, Ernest S. (Ernest Stanley) person
associatedWith Kupfer-Koberwitz, Edgar, 1906- person
associatedWith Kupfer-Koberwitz, Edgar, 1906-1991. person
associatedWith Lalevitch, Dushan. person
associatedWith Lalevitch, Dushan. person
associatedWith Lemkin, Raphael, 1900-1959. person
associatedWith Leo Baeck Institute corporateBody
associatedWith Lewis - David person
associatedWith Linden, John H. (John Henning) person
associatedWith Litten, Irmgard person
associatedWith Loewenstein, Edith person
associatedWith Lowenberg, William J., 1926- person
associatedWith Mackenzie, Alan Francis Stuart, 1900- person
associatedWith Martin, Orville W., Jr., 1923-1999, person
associatedWith McIntyre, George E. person
associatedWith Miller - Robert person
associatedWith Moncharsh, Nathan person
associatedWith Murdy, William D. person
associatedWith Muschi, Achille H., 1922-2000. person
associatedWith Nash - Eric - b 1910 person
associatedWith Neumann, Ludwig, 1896- person
associatedWith Newton - family family
associatedWith Nowinski, Stanley M., 1911-1993. person
associatedWith Oiye, George. person
associatedWith Pauk, Walter, 1914- person
associatedWith Peterson, Victor L., 1918- person
associatedWith Pinard, Paul A., 1919-2007, person
associatedWith Polk, James K. person
associatedWith Pollak - Wilhelm - b 1918 person
associatedWith Prozan, Sylvia person
associatedWith Ransbottom, William C. person
associatedWith Reilly, John E., Jr. person
associatedWith Rogerson, Harold, 1920- person
associatedWith Rotenberg, Irene person
associatedWith Schatzberg - Schulim - b 1896 person
associatedWith Scheider, George, 1904-1988. person
associatedWith Schreiner, Harold 1917-2005. person
associatedWith Smith, Carol K. person
associatedWith Smith, Marcus J., 1918-1986 person
associatedWith Smith, Willard DeLoy, 1914- person
associatedWith Stadtarchiv, Traunstein person
associatedWith Stapleton, Edward Patrick. person
associatedWith Steiner - Ludwig - b 1872 person
associatedWith Stein, Vera. person
associatedWith Thompson, Karen person
associatedWith Tommar, John. person
associatedWith Uran, Irwin, 1926-2007. person
associatedWith Verheye, Pierre C. T. person
associatedWith Verheye, Pierre C. T. person
associatedWith Viggiani, Carl A. person
associatedWith Walters, Eric, fl 1939 person
associatedWith Walters Kohn Eric b 1906 person
associatedWith Warner, Mont M., 1919- person
associatedWith Warns, Bud 1928-, person
associatedWith Warshaw, Bernard, 1920- person
associatedWith Weinshel, Leo R., 1912-1999. person
associatedWith Wilson, Charles E., 1915- person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Dachau 02 DE
Subject
Concentration camps
Concentration camps
World War, 1939-1945
World War, 1939-1945
Occupation
Activity

Corporate Body

Active 1945-04-29

Establishment 1933-03-22

Disestablishment 1945-05

Information

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