Landsteiner, Karl, 1868-1943

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Austrian American immunologist and pathologist credited with discovering the major blood groups and the ABO system of blood typing. Landsteiner won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1930.

From the description of Reprints of scientific writings, 1918-1979. (Indiana University). WorldCat record id: 57585118

Born in Vienna, Karl Landsteiner obtained his medical training at the University of Vienna and embarked on a career of pathology and immunology. He joined the Rockefeller Institute in 1922. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1930 for the discovery of blood groups. With Alexander Wiener at the Rockefeller Institute, Landsteiner discovered the Rh factor. He is credited with developing the new field of serology.

From the description of Distribution of the Rh-Hr blood group in American Indians / by Karl Landsteiner, Alexander S. Wiener, and G. Albin Matson, [ca. 1940?]. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 14303881

Max Bergmann (February 12, 1886-November 7, 1944) was a biochemist, whose research proved key for the study of biochemical processes. His work on peptide synthesis and protein splitting provided a starting point for modern protein chemistry and the study of enzyme-substrate interactions. He is most noted for developing the carbobenzoxy protecting group, for the synthesis of oligopeptides, using any amino acid in any sequence. He co-authored with his colleague Joseph S. Fruton (1912-2007, APS 1967) several reviews in protein and enzyme chemistry, notably “Proteolytic Enzymes,” in the Annual Review of Biochemistry 10 (1941): 31-46 and “The Specificity of Proteinases,” in Advances in Enzymology 1 (1941): 63-98.

Bergmann was born in Fürth, Germany, the son of a coal merchant named Solomon Bergmann and his wife Rosalie Stettauer. He entered the University of Munich, initially interested in botany, but shifted to chemistry, after being convinced that biological questions could only be answered by the methods of organic chemistry. He received a bachelor’s degree in 1907, and afterward became a student of Emil Fischer (1838-1914, APS 1909), the foremost protein and carbohydrate chemist of the day at the University of Berlin. In 1911 Bergmann received a Ph.D. with a dissertation on acyl polysulfides and became Fischer’s research assistant. In 1912 Bergmann married Emmy Miriam Grunwald with whom he had two children. The marriage ended in divorce, and he remarried Martha Suter in 1926. During World War I Bergmann was exempted from military service because of his research work with Fischer. While working with Fischer, Bergmann made important contributions to carbohydrate, lipid, tannin and amino acid chemistry, developing new methods for the preparation of α-monoglycerides. In 1920 Bergmann was appointed Privatdozent at the University of Berlin and head of the chemistry department at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Textile Research.

Bergmann left the University of Berlin in 1921 to become the director of the new Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Leather Research and Professor of chemistry at the Dresden Technical University. At Dresden, Bergmann created one of the world’s leading laboratories for the study of protein chemistry. After Adolf Hitler’s rise to power, Bergmann, a Jew, emigrated to the United States. From 1934 until his death Bergmann was affiliated with the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York.

Bergmann represents the tradition of German organic chemistry applied to biological problems. Working with his mentor Fischer, who sought effective methods to separate and identify amino acids, and who identified the peptide bond as the structure that connects amino acids, Bergmann made many basic contributions to protein and amino acid chemistry. In Dresden he extended Fischer’s work of separating and identifying the amino acid constituents of proteins. In order to establish the conjecture of some protein chemists that proteins were, in fact, polypeptides, containing thousands of amino acids, Bergmann developed new methods of peptide synthesis. The most important discovery came in 1932, when he and his colleague Leonidas Zervas created the carbobenzoxy method allowing them to use any amino acid in any sequence to produce peptides and polypeptides that closely resembled naturally occurring proteins.

Bergmann continued this work in New York at the Rockefeller Institute, stressing two new lines of research: (1) expanding the carbobenzoxy method to form peptides that could serve as substrates for protein-splitting enzymes, and (2) unraveling the total structure of proteins. After becoming head of the chemistry laboratory at the Rockefeller Institute in 1937, Bergmann recruited several talented biochemists. Along with his colleague Joseph Fruton, he discovered the first synthetic peptide substrates for which several enzymes were catalysts. When they demonstrated that the enzyme pepsin was able to catalyze the hydrolysis of synthetic peptides, they implicated the peptide bond in protein structure, but also provided the first clear evidence that specific enzymes split peptides at exact linkages in the chain. Their discovery cleared the path for study of how enzymes act as catalysts for every biological function.

Bergmann’s methods of analysis and synthesis proved incapable of solving the riddle of protein structure. He applied methods for separation and quantitative analysis to every amino acid in a protein in an attempt to establish their sequence in the polypeptide chain. In 1938 he proposed a theory of the systematic recurrence in the location of every amino acid residue in the peptide chain of a protein. However, his hypothesis proved an oversimplification. Two biochemists in his working group, Standford Moore and William Stein, showed him that the analytical data did not support his “periodic theory,” and Bergmann was forced to abandon it. Moore and Stein later collaborated in developing novel methods for quantitative analysis of amino acids in protein hydrolysates, methods they perfected after World War II. By 1949 it was possible to determine the order of the links of each amino acid in a protein. The Englishman Frederick Sanger was the first to establish the complete amino acid sequence in a protein, the hormone insulin. Moore and Stein followed by identifying the sequence of a more complex protein, the enzyme ribonuclease.

Bergman died of cancer in New York City on November 7, 1944. His mastery of peptide synthesis and protein splitting constituted the beginnings of modern protein chemistry. Bringing to the United States a background in German organic chemistry, he laid the foundations for the work of others, who would fulfill Bergmann’s goal of understanding and mapping the molecular structure of proteins and enzymes. His research colleagues found him a supportive leader and collaborator. He coauthored a number of publications with other members of his research group.

From the guide to the Max Bergmann papers, [ca. 1930]-1945, 1930-1945, (American Philosophical Society)

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn Rous, Peyton, 1879-1970. Papers, ca. 1917-1970. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Florence Barbara Seibert papers, 1920-1977, 1920-1977 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars. Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records. 1927-1949. New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
creatorOf Haurowitz, Felix, 1896-1987. Haurowitz reprint collection, ca. 1920-1979. Indiana University
creatorOf [Karl Landsteiner, biographical materials] University of Wisconsin - Madison, General Library System
creatorOf Max Bergmann papers, [ca. 1930]-1945, 1930-1945 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Bergmann, M. (Max), 1886-1944. Papers, [ca. 1930]-1945. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Dunn, L. C. (Leslie Clarence), 1893-1974. Papers, [ca. 1920]-1974. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn L. C. Dunn Papers, ca. 1920-1974 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Seibert, Florence Barbara, 1897- . Papers, 1920-1977. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Landsteiner, Karl, 1868-1943. Distribution of the Rh-Hr blood group in American Indians / by Karl Landsteiner, Alexander S. Wiener, and G. Albin Matson, [ca. 1940?]. National Library of Medicine
creatorOf Landsteiner, Karl, 1868-1943. Letter. University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
referencedIn William B. Provine collection of evolutionary biology reprints, 20th century. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
referencedIn Biographical data on Karl Landsteiner, 1923-1952, 1923-1952 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Peyton Rous Papers, Circa 1917-1970 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Landsteiner, Karl, 1868-1943. Reprints of scientific writings, 1918-1979. Indiana University
referencedIn Cohn, Alfred E. (Alfred Einstein), 1879-1957. Alfred E. Cohn papers, Rockefeller University Faculty, circa 1896-1980. Rockefeller Archive Center
referencedIn Mackenzie, George M.,. Biographical data on Karl Landsteiner, 1923-1952. American Philosophical Society Library
Role Title Holding Repository
Relation Name
associatedWith Bass, Lawrence W., (Lawrence Wade), 1898- person
associatedWith Beadle, George Wells, 1903-1989 person
associatedWith Bergmann, M. (Max), 1886-1944. person
associatedWith Boas, Franz, 1858-1942 person
associatedWith Cattell, Jacques, 1902-1960 person
associatedWith Cattell, James McKeen, 1860-1944 person
associatedWith Chase, M. W. person
associatedWith Cohn, Alfred E. (Alfred Einstein), 1879-1957. person
associatedWith Dakin, H. D., (Henry Drysdale), 1880-1952 person
associatedWith Dubos, René J. (René Jules), 1901- person
associatedWith Dunn, L. C. (Leslie Clarence), 1893-1974. person
associatedWith Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955 person
associatedWith Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars corporateBody
associatedWith Flexner, Simon, 1863-1946 person
associatedWith György, Paul, b. 1893 person
associatedWith Haurowitz, Felix, 1896-1987. person
associatedWith Langmuir, Irving, 1881-1957 person
associatedWith Loewi, Otto, 1873-1961 person
associatedWith MacInnes, Duncan Arthur, 1885-1965 person
associatedWith Mackenzie, George M., person
associatedWith Mackenzie, George M., collector. person
associatedWith Matson, G. Albin. person
associatedWith Northrop, John Howard, 1891-1987 person
associatedWith Osterhout, W. J. V., (Winthrop John Van Leuven), 1871-1964 person
correspondedWith Provine, William B. person
associatedWith Robbins, William Jacob, 1890-1978 person
associatedWith Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. corporateBody
associatedWith Rous, Peyton, 1879-1970. person
associatedWith Scheer, J. van der. person
associatedWith Seibert, Florence Barbara, 1897- . person
associatedWith Uber, Fred Murray, 1905- person
associatedWith Urey, Harold Clayton, 1893-1981 person
associatedWith Van Slyke, Donald Dexter, 1883-1971 person
associatedWith Waksman, Selman A., (Selman Abraham), 1888-1973 person
associatedWith Weaver, Warren, 1894-1978 person
associatedWith Wiener, Alexander S. (Alexander Solomon), 1907-1976. person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Subject
Agglutinins
Anaphylaxis
Antigen-antibody reactions
Biochemistry
Blood groups
Chemistry
Haptens
Immunochemistry
Indians, North American
Jewish scientists
Political refugees
Rh factor
Rh
Science
Scientists
Scientists, Refugee
Serology
Occupation
Biochemists
Activity

Person

Birth 1868-06-14

Death 1943-06-26

Austrians

English,

German

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