Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875

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John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American lawyer, politician, and soldier. He represented Kentucky in both houses of Congress and became the 14th and youngest-ever vice president of the United States, serving from 1857 to 1861. He was a member of the Democratic Party, and served in the U.S. Senate during the outbreak of the American Civil War, but was expelled after joining the Confederate Army. He was appointed Confederate secretary of war in 1865.

Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky to a prominent local family. After serving as a non-combatant during the Mexican–American War, he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a states' rights position against interference with slavery. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan. The Democrats won the election, but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan and, as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861.

After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention, the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party, nominated John Bell. These three men split the Southern vote, while more anti-slavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, allowing him to win the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky.

Breckinridge fled behind Confederate lines. He was commissioned a brigadier general and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, he was promoted to major general, and in October he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg. After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stone River and Missionary Ridge, and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department, where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market. After participating in Jubal Early's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley, Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia. In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War. Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the fall of Richmond, Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for more than three years. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander. Though well-liked in Kentucky, he was reviled by many in the North as a traitor.

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984. Amnesty Papers, 1865 - 1867 National Archives Library, National Archives Records Administration
referencedIn John C. Breckinridge photograph, circa 1863. Louisiana State University, LSU Libraries
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creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. Broadside, 1853 May 31. The Filson Historical Society
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referencedIn Civil War portraits, circa 1863. Louisiana State University, LSU Libraries
referencedIn Wigfall (Louis Trezevant) Papers 1934; 1935., 1839-1874 Dolph Briscoe Center for American History
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referencedIn S. Griswold Flagg collection, 1825-1938 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn Albert Gleaves Papers, 1803-1946, (bulk 1877-1937) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
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creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. Dispatch, 1862 March 25. University of Southern Mississippi, Regional Campus, Joseph Anderson Cook Library
referencedIn Gilmer family. Papers of the Gilmer family, 1781, 1820-1821, 1861-1865. University of Virginia. Library
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creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. Letter : Lexington, Ky., to John Acoming Halderman, Leavenworth, Kansas Territory, 1856 Jan 17. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
referencedIn New York State Library. Manuscripts and Special Collections Unit. Autographs of American authors and statesmen collection, ca.1770-1865. American Periodical Series I
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referencedIn Clara Barton Papers MS 11., 1822-1982, 1860-1912 Sophia Smith Collection
creatorOf Clinton H. Haskell Civil War collection 1841-1895 Haskell, Clinton H., Civil War collection William L. Clements Library
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creatorOf Breckinridge Family Papers, 1752-1965 Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
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creatorOf Powell, Lazarus Whitehead, 1812-1867. Autograph letter signed : Washington, to F.W. Pickens in Charleston, S.C., 1861 Mar. 26. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Ignatius Donnelly and family papers., 1812-1973 (bulk 1855-1901). Minnesota Historical Society
referencedIn Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Civil War Commandery of the State of Massachusetts collection: Patriotic covers, ca. 1861-1865. Houghton Library
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referencedIn Ruggles, Daniel, 1810-1897. Daniel Ruggles Confederate military report, 1862 Aug. 9. Louisiana State University, LSU Libraries
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referencedIn Metcalfe, Thomas, 1780-1855. Thomas Metcalfe letters, 1824-1852. Kentucky Historical Society, Martin F. Schmidt Research Library
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creatorOf Andrew, John A. (John Albion), 1818-1867,. Lee family papers [microform] 1652 [1769-1870] 1890. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Henry Clay Family Papers, 1732-1927, (bulk 1814-1852) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Breckinridge family. Breckinridge family papers, 1784-1869. University of Kentucky Libraries
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referencedIn Joseph Lane papers, 1848-1940, 1850-1858 Oregon Historical Society Research Library
creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. John C. Breckinridge papers, 1861-1887. University of Kentucky Libraries
referencedIn Bullitt, Thomas W. (Thomas Walker), 1838-1910. Diary, 1862-1864. The Filson Historical Society
creatorOf John Cabell Breckinridge letters and miscellany, 1857-1858 New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn Thompson, Edwin Porter, 1834-1903. Edwin Porter Thompson : papers, 1833-1915. The Filson Historical Society
creatorOf Ward, Jesse Durbin, 1819-1886. Papers. Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Society
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referencedIn W. W. Corcoran Papers, 1791-1896, (bulk 1849-1888) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Frederick M. Dearborn collection of military and political Americana, Part II: The Civil War and the Confederacy, 1832-1915. Houghton Library
referencedIn Haycraft, Samuel, 1795-1878. Journal, 1849-1878. The Filson Historical Society
creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. [Autographs]. United States Military Academy, USMA Library
referencedIn Records of the National Park Service, 1785 - 2006. National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records, 2013 - 2017 National Archives Library, National Archives Records Administration
creatorOf Pim, Lewis T., 1828-1888. Papers of Lewis T. Pim, 1838-1888 (bulk 1861-1885) Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
referencedIn Photographs of Confederate generals and Civil War political leaders, 1861-1865.
referencedIn Hines, Thomas Henry, 1838-1898. Thomas Henry Hines papers, 1786-1954, 1860-1889 (bulk dates). University of Kentucky Libraries
referencedIn Marshall, Humphrey, 1812-1872. Humphrey Marshall papers, 1827-1921 (bulk 1840-1872). The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn General John C. Breckinridge Note (Distilling), 1864 Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
referencedIn Blanton, James. Account of the raids made in Kentucky by General Morgan and Captain Hines / typescript ca. 1864. University of Kentucky Libraries
creatorOf Jackson, Henry R. (Henry Rootes), 1820-1898. Henry Rootes Jackson scrapbook, ca. 1860.
referencedIn George Washington Warren correspondence, 1781-1910 (inclusive), 1846-1882 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Pollard, Charles T. (Charles Teed), 1842-1873. Confederate officers photograph album, undated. Alabama Department of Archives and History
referencedIn Clinton H. Haskell Civil War collection 1841-1895 Haskell, Clinton H., Civil War collection William L. Clements Library
referencedIn Wickliffe-Preston family. Wickliffe-Preston family papers, 1753-1897 1770-1887. University of Kentucky Libraries
referencedIn William P. Palmer collection [microform] 1861-1865. Georgia Historical Society
referencedIn Gilmer, William Wirt, 1804-1879. Notes on the war of 1861-65 [manuscript], n.d. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Charles H. Mix papers., 1853-1911. Minnesota Historical Society
referencedIn Bragg, Braxton, 1817-1876. Scrapbook, 1863. New-York Historical Society
referencedIn Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Commandery of the State of Massachusetts Civil War collection, 1724-1933 (inclusive); 1861-1912 (bulk). Houghton Library
referencedIn Balch, Edwin Swift, 1856-1927,. Papers of the Balch family, 1760-1955. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Van Dorn, Earl, 1820-1863. General Earl Van Dorn papers, 1847-1904. Alabama Department of Archives and History
referencedIn Van Dorn, Earl, 1820-1863. Earl Van Dorn papers, 1858-1863. Library of Congress
referencedIn Letters sent to Walter Hines Page from various correspondents, English period, 1876-1937. Houghton Library
creatorOf Collection of autographs, [ca. 1797 to ca. 1915] Brown University Archives, John Hay Library
referencedIn Autograph File, B, ca.1500-1982 Houghton Library
creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. Letter : Washington City, to M.D. Phillips, Rochester, N.Y., 1854 Mar. 24. University of Chicago Library
creatorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. John C. Breckinridge to Mrs. Greenhow. 8/23/1861 - 8/23/1861. Letter Sent by John C. Breckinridge in Lexington, Kentucky to Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Breckinridge Family Association. [Breckinridge family notes] Historical Society of Pennsylvania
referencedIn Johnston, J. Stoddard (Josiah Stoddard), 1833-1913. J. Stoddard Johnston : papers, 1850-1912. The Filson Historical Society
creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. John C. Breckinridge letter : 1857. Kentucky Historical Society, Martin F. Schmidt Research Library
referencedIn Thomas Addis Emmet collection, 1483-1876 (bulk:1700-1800) New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division
referencedIn Flagg, S. Griswold. S. Griswold Flagg collection, 1825-1938 (inclusive). Yale University Library
referencedIn Benjamin, J. P. (Judah Philip), 1811-1884. Papers, 1827-1871. Library of Congress
referencedIn Bodley family. Bodley family papers, 1773-1939. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn Confederate officers photograph album, n.d. Alabama Department of Archives and History
referencedIn Lane, Joseph, 1801-1881. Joseph Lane papers, 1848-1875 (bulk 1850-1858). Oregon Historical Society Research Library
referencedIn Walter, Lewis Allwhyn, 1868-1951. Lewis Allawhyn Walter : papers, 1887-1940. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn Lewis Eller Asher autograph collection, 1757-1925. Library of Congress
referencedIn University of Virginia. History Club. Papers of the History Club [manuscript] 1948-1956. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Dicken family. Dicken-Troutman-Balke family papers, 1816-1945, 1850-1899. University of Kentucky Libraries
creatorOf Bragg, Braxton, 1817-1876. Braxton Bragg papers, 1833-1879 [microform]. Western Reserve Historical Society, Research Library
referencedIn War Department Collection of Confederate Records, 1825 - 1927. Orders and Circulars Issued by Minor Confederate Commands, 1874 - 1899 National Archives Library, National Archives Records Administration
referencedIn Lexington Cemetery (Lexington, Ky.). Cemetery records, 1849-[ongoing]. Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives, Kentucky Guide Project Office
referencedIn E. H. Murrell Note to General John C. Breckinridge, 1864 Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
referencedIn Pasteur, F. Artemus. The Princeton Wasp, 22 July 1865. Kentucky Historical Society, Martin F. Schmidt Research Library
referencedIn Stevens, Isaac Ingalls, 1818-1862. Letter, Aug. 9, 1860. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. Letters, 1847-1874. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn Underwood family. Letters of the Underwood family, 1813, 1861, and 1913. University of Virginia. Library
referencedIn Note to General John C. Breckinridge, 1864 Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
referencedIn Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Civil War Commandery of the State of Massachusetts collection: Patriotic covers, ca. 1861-1865. Houghton Library
creatorOf Bocock, Thomas S., 1815-1891. Papers of Bocock and of the Bocock, Thornhill Christian, Stephens, Flood, Patteson, and Diuguid families of Buckingham and Appomattox counties, 1760-1897. University of Virginia. Library
contributorOf General Records of the Department of State. 1763 - 2002. Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow National Archives at College Park
referencedIn Battle of Baton Rouge fought on the 5th of August 1862, circa 1870-1940. Louisiana State University, LSU Libraries
referencedIn Preston, William, 1816-1887. William Preston : miscellaneous papers, 1855-1876. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn Toombs, Robert Augustus, 1810-1885. Letter to John C. Breckinridge, 1867 Apr. 30. Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library
referencedIn Mix, Charles Henry, 1833-1909. Charles H. Mix papers, 1854-1878. Minnesota Historical Society Library
referencedIn Swank, James Moore, 1836-1914. Papers, 1785-1898 (inclusive), 1785, 1871-1898 (bulk). Historical Society of Pennsylvania
creatorOf Richey, Samuel W.,. Samuel W. Richey Confederate Collection, 1805-1936, (bulk 1861-1865). Miami University Libraries, King Library
referencedIn Kentucky. Governor (1871-1875 : Leslie). Executive orders, 1871-1875. Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives, Kentucky State Archives
referencedIn Confederate officers photographs, 1861 - [1864?]. Alabama Department of Archives and History
referencedIn Emmerson, Arthur, b. ca. 1822. Papers, 1793-1906. Duke University Libraries, Duke University Library; Perkins Library
referencedIn Custis-Lee Family Papers, 1700-circa 1928, (bulk 1770-1870) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Green, John Williams, 1841-1920. Diary, 1861-1863. The Filson Historical Society
creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. Letter : Lexington, Ky., to John Acoming Halderman, Leavenworth, Kansas Territory, 1856 Jan 17. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
referencedIn Wigfall, Louis Trezevant. Wigfall, Louis Trezevant Papers, 1833-1874 University of Texas Libraries
creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. Signature clipped from a register : [n.p.], [n.d.]. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Isaac Munroe St. John papers, 1850-1879 Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives
referencedIn Presidential election tally sheet, Carroll County, Ind., 1860. Indiana Historical Society Library
referencedIn Sea, Andrew McBrayer, Collector, b. 1876. Collection, 1781-1936. The Filson Historical Society
referencedIn Breckinridge, Mary Burch, 1826-1907. Mary Burch Breckinridge letters, 1864-1868. University of Kentucky Libraries
referencedIn Autograph File, B, ca.1500-1982 Houghton Library
referencedIn Letcher, Robert Perkins, 1788-1861. Robert Perkins Letcher letters, 1825-1845. University of Kentucky Libraries
referencedIn Van Dorn, Earl, 1820-1863. Letter : Holly Springs, Miss., to General [John Cabell] Breckinridge, 1862 Sept. 18. Texas Christian University
referencedIn Frederick M. Dearborn collection of military and political Americana, Part II: The Civil War and the Confederacy, 1832-1915. Houghton Library
creatorOf United States. Congress (33rd, 1st : 1853-1854). House. Petition, 1854 May 15, addressed to John C. Rives. Dartmouth College Library
referencedIn Brady, Mathew B., ca. 1823-1896. Civil War era photograph album, 1860-1870. Cornell University Library
referencedIn Jones family. Jones family : papers, 1844-1969. The Filson Historical Society
creatorOf Hadfield, Robert, 1813 or 14-1881. Letters received, 1861 July 29 and Nov. 14. Buffalo History Museum, Research Library
creatorOf Breckinridge, John C. (John Cabell), 1821-1875. Papers, 1860-1871. Duke University Libraries, Duke University Library; Perkins Library
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associatedWith Asher, Louis Eller, 1877-1948. person
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correspondedWith Corcoran, W. W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888. person
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correspondedWith Metcalfe, Thomas, 1780-1855. person
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associatedWith Wigfall, Louis Trezevant person
associatedWith Wood, John Taylor. person
associatedWith Yandell family. family
Place Name Admin Code Country
Danville KY US
Richmond VA US
Toronto 08 CA
Lexington KY US
District of Columbia DC US
Burlington IA US
Niagara Falls 08 CA
Lexington KY US
Versailles A8 FR
Vevey VD CH
Paris A8 FR
Subject
Broadsides
Bunker Hill, Battle of, Boston, Mass., 1775
Chickamauga, Battle of, Ga., 1863
Delaware Indians
Estate planning
Indians of North America
Land tenure
Land titles
President
Presidents
Presidents
Real property
Occupation
Cabinet officers
Lawyers
Representatives, U.S. Congress
Senators, U.S. Congress
Soldiers
Statesman
Vice presidents
Activity

Person

Birth 1821-01-16

Death 1875-05-17

Male

Americans

English

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Ark ID: w6bh3cfm

SNAC ID: 84413807